MATERNAL KNOWLEDGE OF WHO GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE IN PAKISTAN

Authors

  • Beenish Tahir Shaikh Ziauddin University http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5375-0548
  • Shehnaz Wasim Ziauddin University
  • Hafsa Yasin Ziauddin University
  • Sidra Khalid Ziauddin University
  • Malick Muhammed Sabih Masood Ziauddin University

Abstract

Background: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under the age of five in Pakistan. Gauging the knowledge and practices of mothers related to ARIs may hold a key role in reducing the incidence and complications. Our study assessed the knowledge of mothers regarding ARIs among children under five years in accordance with WHO guidelines, and its association with education and socioeconomic status of mothers. In addition, we studied the association between education of mothers and socioeconomic status with vaccination status of child. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from May to December 2016 at Civil Hospital, Ziauddin Hospital and Gulshan-e-Sikanderabad PHC Karachi and involved mothers with at least one child under the age of five years. Four hundred mothers were interviewed using a questionnaire. Results were analysed using SPSS 20.0. Results: 51% of mothers were found to have an above average understanding about ARIs with a mean score of 13.35±3.03 out of a possible 20. There is no association between knowledge of mothers and their level of education. Education level of the mother was found to have a significant association with the vaccination status of youngest child. Mothers having no education or just religious education had the highest percentages of incomplete vaccinations. Conclusion: Most mothers had above average knowledge of what classified as an ARI and could identify the danger signs. Uneducated mothers had incomplete vaccinations of their youngest child. The majority of mothers had satisfactory breastfeeding habits.Keywords: Acute Respiratory Infection, Maternal, Knowledge, WHO Guidelines, Children under five, Management of ARI, Vaccination, Breastfeeding, Self-medication, Pakistan

Author Biographies

Beenish Tahir Shaikh, Ziauddin University

MBBS Graduate of Ziauddin University, 2017

Shehnaz Wasim, Ziauddin University

MBBS Graduate of Ziauddin University, Class of 2017

Hafsa Yasin, Ziauddin University

Department of Community Health Sciences

Sidra Khalid, Ziauddin University

MBBS Graduate of Ziauddin University, Class of 2017

Malick Muhammed Sabih Masood, Ziauddin University

MBBS Graduate of Ziauddin University, Class of 2017

References

UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group and United Nations. Levels and Trends in Child Mortality Report 2017. [Internet]. UNICEF. [cited 2019 Feb]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_101071.html

Watkins K. A fair chance for every child. The state of the world’s children 2016. [Internet]. UNICEF; 2016. [cited 2019 Feb]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/UNICEF_SOWC_2016.pdf

WHO. Children under five years of age with acute respiratory infection and fever (ARI) taken to facility. [Internet]. World Health Organization [cited 2019 Feb]. Available from: https://www.who.int/whosis/whostat2006Under5WithARI.pdf

National Institute of Population Studies Islamabad, Pakistan, ICF International Calverton, Maryland, USA. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13. [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb]. Available from: https://www.nips.org.pk/abstract_files/PDHS%20Final%20Report%20as%20of%20Jan%2022-2014.pdf

UNICEF. Every Child Alive – The urgent need to end newborn deaths; 2018. [Internet]. [cited 2019 Feb]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Every_Child_Alive_The_urgent_need_to_end_newborn_deaths.pdf

Kumar R, Hashmi A, Soomro LA, Ghouri A. Knowledge Attitude and Practice about Acute Respiratory Infection among the Mothers of Under Five Children Attending Civil Hospital Mithi Tharparkar Desert. Prim Health Care 2012;2(108):1000108.

WHO. Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI). [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Feb]. Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/dprkorea/documents/integrated-management-newborn-and-childhood-illnesses(imnci).pdf

WHO. Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternal and newborn services: Guidelines; 2017. [Internet]. World Health Organization 2017 [cited 2019 Feb]. Available from:

https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259386/9789241550086-eng.pdf;jsessionid=B34EE2474DE7557020CE07FE085C8074?sequence=1

UNICEF. Excluded and invisible. The state of the World’s Children; 2006. [Internet]. UNICEF [cited 2019 Feb]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/sowc/archive/ENGLISH/The%20State%20of%20the%20World%27s%20Children%202006.pdf

Onyango D, Kikuvi G, Amukoye E, Omolo J. Risk factors of severe pneumonia among children aged 2-59 months in western Kenya: a case control study. Pan Afr Med J 2012;13:45.

Noordam AC, Carvajal-Velez L, Sharkey AB, Young M, Cals JWL. Care Seeking Behaviour for Children with Suspected Pneumonia in Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with High Pneumonia Mortality. PLoS One 2015;10(2):e0117919.

Aftab W, Shipton L, Rabbani F, Sangrasi K, Perveen S, Zahidie A, et al. Exploring health care seeking knowledge, perceptions and practices for childhood diarrhea and pneumonia and their context in a rural Pakistani community. BMC Health Serv Res 2018;18(1):44.

Marendi PN. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers in relation to childhood pneumonia and factors associated with pneumonia and seeking health care in Kapsabet District Hospital in Nandi County, Kenya: Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology; 2015.

Memon NK, Shaikh K, Pandhiani SB, Usman G. How do mothers recognize and treat pneumonia in their children at home? A study in union council Jhudo, District Mirpurkhas. J Liaquat Univ Med Health Sci 2013;12(3):208–13.

Gayer L. Karachi: Ordered disorder and the struggle for the city. Oxford University Press (UK); 2014.

United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2016). The World’s Cities in 2016 – [Internet]. Data Booklet (ST/ESA/ SER.A/392). [cited 2019 Feb]. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf

Abu-Baker NN, Gharaibeh HF, Al-Zoubi HM, Savage C, Gharaibeh MK. Mothers’ knowledge and practices of managing minor illnesses of children under five years. J Res Nurs 2013;18(7):651–66.

Matziou V, Brokalaki H, Kyritsi H, Perdikaris P, Gymnopoulou E, Merkouris A. What Greek mothers know about evaluation and treatment of fever in children: An interview study. Int J Nurs Stud 2008;45(6):829–36.

Oshikoya KA, Senbanjo I. Fever in Children: Mothers’ Perceptions and their Home Management. Iran J Pediatr 2008;18(3):229–36.

FAQs: Global Poverty Line Update. [Internet]. World Bank. [cited 2019 Feb]. Available from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/global-poverty-line-faq

Ghimire M, Bhattacharya SK, Narain JP. Pneumonia in South-East Asia Region: public health perspective. Indian J Med Res 2012;135(4):459–68.

Rutebemberwa E, Kallander K, Tomson G, Peterson S, Pariyo G. Determinants of delay in care‐seeking for febrile children in eastern Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 2009;14(4):472–9.

Nisar N, Mirza M, Qadri MH. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Mothers regarding immunization of one year old child at Mawatch Goth, Kemari Town, Karachi. Pak J Med Sci 2010;26(1):183–6.

Parimi N, Pereira LMP, Prabhakar P. Caregivers' practices, knowledge and beliefs of antibiotics in paediatric upper respiratory tract infections in Trinidad and Tobago: a cross-sectional study. BMC Fam Pract 2004;5(1):28.

Sreeramareddy CT, Shankar RP, Sreekumaran BV, Subba SH, Joshi HS, Ramachandran U. Care Seeking Behavior for Childhood Illness – A Questionnaire Survey in Western Nepal; BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2006;6:7.

UNICEF, WHO. Ending Preventable Child Deaths From Pneumonia and Diarrhea by 2025. [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2019 Feb]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/79200/9789241505239_eng.pdf;jsessionid=93364741425BB1D85DC4B38379397906?sequence=1

Onsomu EO, Abuya BA, Okech IN, Moore D, Collins-McNeil J. Maternal education and immunization status among children in Kenya. Matern Child Health J 2015;19(8):1724–33.

Huq MN, Tasnim T. Maternal Education and Child Healthcare in Bangladesh. Matern Child Health J 2008;12(1):43–51.

Agarwal M, Bajpai P. Perception about childhood pneumonia among caregivers attending immunization clinics of tertiary care hospital in Lucknow City. Int J of Healthcare Pharm Res 2015;4(4):27–30.

Naik, R, Smith R. Impacts of Family Planning on Nutrition. [Internet]. Washington, DC: Futures Group, Health Policy Project 2015 [cited 2019 Feb]. Available from: https://www.healthpolicyproject.com/pubs/690_FPandnutritionFinal.pdf

Ferdous F, Dil Farzana F, Ahmed S, Das SK, Malek MA, Das J, et al. Mothers’ Perception and Healthcare Seeking Behavior of Pneumonia Children in Rural Bangladesh. ISRN Family Med 2014;2014:690315.

Debasism B, Ahemed T. A Study of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Mothers Towards Acute Respiratory Infection in Urban and Rural Communities of Burdwan District, West Bengal, India. Rev Progr 2013;1(8):1–6.

Iqbal I, Malik AY, Anwar M, Khan SP. Community perceptions about acute respiratory infections (ARI) in Multan, Pakistan. Nishtar Med J 2010;2(1):2–9.

Published

2019-11-02