HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA AS A CAUSATIVE RISK FACTOR FOR NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD)

Authors

  • Sarwat Abbasi Department of Biochemistry, Ayub Medical College,Abbottabad-Pakistan
  • Saadia Sadiq Abbottabad International Medical College, Abbottabad-Pakistan
  • Nadia Haleem Department of Biochemistry, Ayub Medical college. Abbottabad-Pakistan
  • Salma Shazia Department of Forensic Medicine, Ayub Medical college. Abbottabad-Pakistan
  • Sara Jadoon Department of Anatomy, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad-Pakistan
  • Muhammad Israr Department of Biochemistry, Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan-Pakistan

Abstract

Background: Increased serum Cholesterol level is a known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Derangements in serum Cholesterol levels will affect normal hepatic Cholesterol homeostasis resulting in hypercholesterolemia. Non-Alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) initially asymptomatic but can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma from mild steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The objective of this study is to find out hypercholesterolemia as a causative risk factor in NAFLD patients. This will help to prevent the development and progression of the disease. 

References

Huh Y, Cho YJ, Nam GE. Recent Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Obes Metab Syndr 2022;31(1):17–27.

Targher G, Tilg H, Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty Liver Disease: a multisystem Disease requiring a multidisciplinary and holistic approach. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;6(7):578–88.

Younossi ZM,Zelber-Sagi S,Henry L,Gerber LH.Lifestyle interventions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2023 Nov;20 (11):708-22.

Simon TG, Roelstraete B, Hagström H, Sundström JL, udvigsson JF. Non-alcoholic fatty Liver Disease and incident major adverse cardiovascular events: results from a nationwide histology cohort. Gut 2022;71(9):1867–75.

Pirillo A, Norata GD. The burden of hypercholesterolemia and ischemic heart disease in an ageing world. Pharmacol Res 2023;193:106814.

Nguyen P, Leray V, Diez M, Serisier S, Le Bloc’h J, Siliart B, et al. Liver lipid metabolism. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008;92(3):272–83.

Ipsen DH, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Molecular mechanisms of hepatic lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018;75(18):3313–27.

Sinha RA, Bruinstroop E, Singh BK, Yen PM. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hypercholesterolemia: Roles of Thyroid Hormones, Metabolites, and Agonists. Thyroid 2019;29(9):1173–91.

Wadström BN, Wulff AB, Pedersen KM, Jensen GB, Nordestgaard BG. Elevated remnant cholesterol increases the risk of peripheral artery Disease, Myocardial Infarction, and ischaemic Stroke: a cohort-based study. Eur Heart J 2022;43(34):3258–69.

Huh JH, Roh E, Lee SJ, Ihm SH, Han KD, Kang JG. Remnant cholesterol is an Independent predictor of type 2 Diabetes: a Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2022;46:305–12.

Huang H, Guo Y, Liu Z, Zeng Y, Chen Y, Xu C. Remnant cholesterol predicts long-term mortality of patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022;107:3295–303.

Zou Y, Kuang M, Zhong Y, Jiang C. Remnant cholesterol can identify individuals at higher risk of metabolic syndrome in the general population. Sci Rep 2023;13(1):5957.

Huang H, Xie J, Zeng Y, Liu Z, Miao M, Xu L, et al. Remnant cholesterol independently predicts the development of nonalcoholic fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023;108(11):2907–15.

Miao Y Tao H. Association between remnant lipoprotein cholesterol levels and risk of non-alcoholic fatty Liver Disease in non-obese populations: a Chinese longitudinal prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2023;13(5):eo69440.

Chin J, Mori TA, Adams LA, Beilin LJ, Huang RC, Olynyk JK, et al. Association between remnant lipoprotein cholesterol levels and non-alcoholic fatty Liver Disease in adolescents. JHEP Rep 2020;2(6):100150.

Makri E,Goulas A, Polyzos SA.Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and emerging treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Archives of medical research. 2021 Jan 1;52(1):25-37.Ref no 13&16 are same

Mantovani A, Csermely A, Petracca G, Beatrice G, Corey KE, Simon TG, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty Liver Disease and risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;6(11):903–13.

Stürzebecher PE. Katzmann JL, Laufs U. What is ‘remnant cholesterol’? Eur Heart J 2023;44(16):1446–8.

Huang H, Wang J, Wu L, Ruan J, Hou L, Shen C, et al. Remnant cholesterol and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023;15(1):238.

Dutta S, Singhal AK, Suryan V, Chandra NC. Obesity: An Impact with Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases. Ind J Clin Biochem 2024;39(2):168–78.

Koo HC, Tan LK, Lim GP, Kee CC, Omar MA. Obesity and Its Association with Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus, High Blood Pressure and Hypercholesterolemia in the Malaysian Adult Population: A National Cross-Sectional Study Using NHMS Data. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023;20(4):3058.

Fang M, Wang D, Coresh J, Selvin E. Undiagnosed Diabetes mellitus in U.S. Adults: Prevalence and Trends. Diabetes Care 2022;45(9):1994–2002.

Herman WH, Ye W, Griffin SJ, Simmons RK, Davies MJ, Khunti K, et al. Early Detection and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus Reduce Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: A Simulation of the Results of the Anglo-Danish-Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen-Detected Diabetes mellitus in Primary Care (ADDITION-Europe). Diabetes Care 2015;38(8):1449–54.

Anderson EL, Howe LD, Jones HE, Higgins JP, Lawlor DA, Fraser A. the prevalence of non- alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: a systemic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015;10(10):e0140908.

Kaikkonen JE, Kresanov P, Ahotupa M, Jula A, Mikkila V, Viikari JS, et al. Longitudinal study of circulating oxidized LDL and HDL and fatty liver: the cardiovascular risk in young finns study. Free Radic Res 2016;50(4):396–404.

Wang J, Zhu W, Huang S, Xu L, Miao M, Wu C, et al. Serum Apo B levels independently predict the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a 7-year prospective study. Liver Int 2017;37:1202–8.

Gaggini M, Morelli M, Buzzigoli E, De Fronzo RA, Bugianesi E, Gastaldelli A. Non- alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its connection with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and coronary heart diease. Nutrients 2013;5:1544–60.

Lee SB, Park GM, Lee JY, Lee BU, Park JH, Kim BG, et al. Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis: an observational cohort study. J Hepatol 2018;68(5):1018.

Published

2024-06-02

Most read articles by the same author(s)