LEAD, HYPERTENSION, AND CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD), a condition frequently attributed to uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension, has become an economic and public health burden both globally and locally. The present study was designed to investigate the toxic effects of lead and hypertension (HTN) on chronic renal failure (CRF). Method: It was a cross-sectional, prospective study conducted in Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. A total of 150 adults aged >40 years were included, 50 were diagnosed patients of hypertension, 50 were diagnosed patients of hypertension with chronic renal failure, and 50 were normal healthy individuals. Levels of lead in blood samples of HTN and CRF patients were estimated besides the levels of HbA1c, glucose, urea, creatinine and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, NO, Gluthathione peroxidase) by using kit method. Results: Lead levels were higher in HTN and CRF patients compared to controls. Urea, creatine and creatinine clearance levels were high in patients of HTN with CRF. Glucose and HbA1c levels were higher in HTN, and HTN with CRF patients compared to controls. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was decreased in HTN, and HTN with CRF patients. Conclusion: Lead exposure with HTN can be a cause of CRF.Keywords: Lead, Hypertension, Diabetes, Renal failure, Antioxidant EnzymesReferences
Sabolic I. Common mechanisms in nephropathy induced by toxic metals. Nephron Physiol 2006;104:107–14.
Jennette CE, Vupputuri S, Hogan SL, Shoham DA. Falk RJ, Harward DH. Community perspectives on kidney disease and health promotion from at-risk populations in rural North Carolina, USA. Rural and Remote Health 2010;10:1–10.
Zadrazil J. Aetiology and a clinical picture of chronic renal failure. Vnitr Lek 2011;57(7–8):607–13.
Chobanian AV. Does it matter how hypertension is controlled? N Engl J Med 2008;359(23):2485–8.
Wohl E, Trivelli A, Picca S, Litwin M, Peco-Antic A, Zurowska A, et al. Strict blood pressure control and progression of renal failure in children. N Engl J Med 2009;361(17):1639–50.
Rini BI, Cohen DP, Lu DR, Chen I, Hariharan S, Gore ME, et al. Hypertension as a biomarker of efficacy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011;103:763–73.
Lunvongsa S, Tsuboi T, Motomizu S. Sequential determination of trace amount of iron and copper in water samples by flow injection analysis with catalytic spectrophotometric detection. Anal Sci 2006;22:169–72.
Wattoo MHS, Kazi TG, Jakhrani MA, Anwar F. Microbiological and elemental status assessments of traces and toxic elements in locally produced glass bottled soft drinks. J Chem Soc Pak 2003;25(2):133–8.
Khan MJ, Sarwar S, Khattak RA. Evaluation of River Jehlum water for heavy metals and its suitability for irrigation and drinking purpose at district Muzaffarabad (AK). J Chem Soc Pak 2004;26(4):436–42.
Shahtaheri SJ, Khadem1 M, Golbabaei1 F, Rahimi FA. Solid phase extraction for monitoring of occupational exposure to Cr (III). Anal Chem Insights 2007;2:125–32.
Rahbar MH, White F, Agboatwalla M, Hozhabri S, Luby S. Factors associated with elevated blood lead concentration in children in Karachi, Pakistan. Bull W Health Organ 2002;80(10):1–9.
Morales LS, Gutierrez P, Escarce JJ. Demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with blood lead levels among Mexican-American children and adolescents in the United States. Public Health Rep 2005;120:448–54.
Fowler BA. Mechanisms of kidney cell injury from metals. Environ health prospect 1992;100:57–63.
Bellinger DC. The Protean Toxicities of Lead: New chapters in a familiar story. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011;8:2593–628.
Shiraishi F, Curtis LM, Truong L, Poss K, Visner GA, Madsen K, et al. Heme oxygenase-1 gene ablation or expression modulates cisplatin-induced renal tubular apoptosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002;278:726–36.
Miao L, St. Clair DK. Regulation of superoxide dismutase genes: Implications in diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2009;47(4):344–56.
Tu X, Xie C, Wang F, Chen Q, Zuo Z, Zhang Q, et al. Fructus Mume formula in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013:1–8.
Hoelzel W, Weykamp C, Jeppsson JO, Miedema K, Barr JR, Goodall I, et al. IFCC reference system for measurement of hemoglobin A1c in human blood and the national standardization schemes in the United States, Japan and Sweden: a method-comparison study. Clin Chem 2004;50:166–74.
Owiredu WKBA, Quaye L, Amidu N, Addai-Mensah O. Renal insufficiency in Ghanaian HIV infected patients: need for dose adjustment. Afr Health Sci 2013;(1):101–11.
Liu J, Ai Y, McCauley L, Pinto-Martin J, Yan C, Shen X, Needleman H. Blood lead levels and associated socio-demographic factors among preschool children in the south eastern region of China. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2012;26(1):61–9.
Alves VN, Borges SSO, Neto WB. Coelho NM. Determination of low levels of lead in beer using solid-phase extraction and detection by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J Autom Methods Manag Chem 2011;2011:464102. doi: 10.1155/2011/464102
Gecit I, Aslan M, Gunes M, Pirincci N, Esen R, Demir H, Ceylan K. Serum prolidase activity, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide levels in patients with bladder cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012;138:739–43.
den Besten HM, Effraimidou S, Abee T. Catalase activity as a biomarker for mild-stress-induced robustness in bacillus weihenstephanensis. App Environ Microbiol 2013;79(1):57–62.
Raffa M, Atig F, Mhalla A, Kerkeni A. Decreased glutathione levels and impaired antioxidant enzyme activities in drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenic patients. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012;403(2):431–41.
Staimer N, Nguyen TB, Nizkorodov SA, Delfino RJ. Glutathione peroxidase inhibitory assay for electrophilic pollutants in diesel exhaust and tobacco smoke. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012;403(2):431–41.
Evans M, Fored CM, Nise G, Beliocco R, Nyren O, Elinder CG. Occupational lead exposure and severe CKD: a population-based case-control and prospective observational cohort study in Sweden. Am J Kidney Dis 2010;55: 497–506.
Iyer AS, Ahmed MI, Filippatos GS, Ekundayo OJ, Aban IB, Love TE, et al. Uncontrolled hypertension and increased risk for incident heart failure in older adults with hypertension: Findings from a propensity-matched prospective population study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2010;4(1):22–31.
Lanphear BP, Dietrich K, Auinger P, Cox C. Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations <10 microg/dL in US children and adolescents. Public Health Rep 2000;115(6):521–9.
Gillis BS, Arbieva Z, Gavin IM. Analysis of lead toxicity in human cells BMC Genomics 2012;13:344–62.
Fewtrell, L, Kaufmann, R, Pruss-Ustun A. Lead: Assessing the environmental burden of disease (Environmental Burden of Disease Series No. 2); World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
De Burbure C, Buchet JP, Leroyer A, Nisse C, Haguenoer. Renal and neurological effects of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic in children: evidence of early effects and multiple interactions at environmental exposure levels. Environ Health Perspect 2006;115:584–90.
Tsaih SW, Korrick S, Schwartz J, Amarasiriwardena C, Aro A, Sparrow D, Hu H. Lead, diabetes, hypertension, and renal function: The Normative Aging Study. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112:1178–82.
Tabakoglu E, Ciftci S, Hatipoglu ON. Altiay G, Caglar T. Levels of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Mediators of Inflamm 2004;13(3):209–10
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad is an OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL which means that all content is FREELY available without charge to all users whether registered with the journal or not. The work published by J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad is licensed and distributed under the creative commons License CC BY ND Attribution-NoDerivs. Material printed in this journal is OPEN to access, and are FREE for use in academic and research work with proper citation. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad accepts only original material for publication with the understanding that except for abstracts, no part of the data has been published or will be submitted for publication elsewhere before appearing in J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. The Editorial Board of J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad makes every effort to ensure the accuracy and authenticity of material printed in J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. However, conclusions and statements expressed are views of the authors and do not reflect the opinion/policy of J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad or the Editorial Board.
USERS are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
AUTHORS retain the rights of free downloading/unlimited e-print of full text and sharing/disseminating the article without any restriction, by any means including twitter, scholarly collaboration networks such as ResearchGate, Academia.eu, and social media sites such as Twitter, LinkedIn, Google Scholar and any other professional or academic networking site.