ABDOMINAL OBESITY PATTERN AMONG VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS PRESENTING WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
Abstract
Background: Abdominal obesity is an increasing public health problem and is associated with anumber of cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency ofabdominal obesity and associated risk factors in patients of various ethnic groups presenting withacute coronary syndrome. Methods: A total of 477 patients presenting with acute coronarysyndrome to the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi were studied. The samplewas divided into 5 major ethnic groups, Muhajir, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pathan, Baluchi and Others. Waistcircumference of each patient was taken at the level of iliac crest and abdominal obesity was definedaccording to the International Diabetes Federation criteria of 2005 for South Asians as waistcircumference ≥ 90 Cm in males and ≥80 Cm in females. Patients were also assessed for diabetesmellitus, hypertension, smoking, low HDL and elevated triglycerides. Results: Out of 477 patients(355 males, 122 females), abdominal obesity was present in 318 (67%) patients, 62% of males and81% of females were obese. Abdominal obesity was 62% in Muhajir, 78% in Punjabi, 67% inSindhi, 68% in Pathan, 59% in Baluchi and 64% in others. Hypertension was present in 46%,Diabetes mellitus in 32%, Smoking in 33%, Low level of High density lipoprotein in 85.5% andraised triglycerides in 35% of patients. Conclusion: Abdominal obesity in Punjabi ethnic group ismore common as compared to other ethnic groups. Low level of high density lipoprotein is almostuniversally present in patients with acute coronary syndrome.Keywords: Abdominal obesity, Acute coronary syndrome, Waist circumference, Cardiovascular riskfactorsReferences
WHO. Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic.
Geneva, Switzerland: Report of a WHO Consultation on World
Health Organization 1997.
Alpert MA, Hashimi MW. Obesity and the heart. Am J Med Sci
;306:117–23.
Humayun A, Shah AS, Sultana R. Relation of hypertension with
body mass index and age in male and female population of Peshawar,
Pakistan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2009;21(3):63–5.
Nguyen, NT, Magno, CP, Lane, KT, Hinojosa MW, Lane JS.
Association of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic
syndrome with obesity: Findings from the National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2004. J Am Coll Surg
;207:928–34.
Klein S, Burke LE, Bray GA, Blair S, Allison DB, Pi-Sunyer X, et al.
American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity,
and Metabolism. Clinical implications of obesity with specific focus
on cardiovascular disease: a statement for professionals from the
American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity,
and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology
Foundation. Circulation 2004;110:2952–67.
Simpson JA, MacInnis RJ, Peeters A, Hopper JL, Giles GG, English
DR. A comparison of adiposity measures as predictors of all-cause
mortality: the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Obesity (Silver
Spring) 2007;15:994–1003.
Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Obesity in Britain: gluttony or sloth? Br Med J
;311:437−9.
Popkin BM, Paeratakul S, Ge K, Zhai F. Weight pattern among the
Chinese: Results from 1989 and 1991 China Health and Nutrition
Surveys. Am J Public Health 1995;85:690–4.
Mente A, Yusuf S, Islam S, McQueen MJ, Tanomsup S, Onen CL,
et al, for the INTERHEART Investigators. Metabolic Syndrome
and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Case-Control Study of
,903subjects From 52 Countries. J Am Coll Cardiol
;55;2390–8.
Jafar TH, Chaturvedi N, Pappas G. Prevalence of overweight and
obesity and their association with hypertension and diabetes mellitus
in an Indo-Asian population. CMAJ 2006;175:1071–7.
Shafi S, Rao MH, Soomro IBM. The effect of life style and socioeconomic factors in the development of obesity in young adults. Pak J
Med Res 2004;43(2):65–9.
Dennis B, Aziz K, She L, Faruqui AM, Davis CE, Manolio TA, et al.
High rates of Obesity and Cardiovascular disease risk factors in lower
middle class community in Pakistan: the Metroville Health Study. J
Pak Med Assoc 2006;56(6):267–72.
Noor M, Raza UA, Zeeshan MF, Mohammad W. Frequency of
abdominal waist circumference and risk factors in healthy adults. J
Postgrad Med Inst 2007;21(4):248–55.
Akpinar E, Bashan I, Bozdemir N, Saatci E. Which is the best
anthropometric technique to identify obesity: body mass index, waist
circumference or waist-hip ratio? Coll Antropol 2007;31:387–93.
Bigaard J, Tjonneland A, Thomsen BL, Overvad K, Heitmann BL,
Sorensen TI. Waist circumference, BMI, smoking, and mortality in
middle aged men and women. Obes Res 2003;11:895–903.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data [article
online], 2006. Hyattsville, MD, National Center for Health Statistics.
Available from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/
major/nhanes/datalink.htm. Accessed 6 April 2007.
Haapanen N, Miilunpalo S, Pasnen M, Oja P, Vuori I. Agreement
between questionnaire data and medical records of cronic diseases in
middle aged and elderly finnish men and women. Am J Epidemiol
;145:762–9.
Kumanyika SK. The obesity epidemic: looking into the mirror. Am J
Epidemiol 2007;166:243–5.
National Institute of Health: clinical guidelines on the identification,
evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the
evidence report. Obes Res 1998;6(Suppl. 2):51s–209s.
Earl S. Ford, Ali H, Wayne H. Trends in waist circumference among
US adults. Obes Res 2003;11:1223–31.
Katzmarzyk, PT. The Canadian obesity epidemic, 1985–1998. CMAJ
;166:1039–40.
Seidell, JC Rissanen, AM. Prevalence of Obesity in Adult: The
Global Epidemic. In: Bray, GA, Bouchard, C (Eds). The Handbook of
Obesity. New York: Dekker; 2002.
Sood RK, Gupta AK, Ahlualia SK, Dhadwal D, Sharma RK, Sood K,
et al. An epidemiological study of obesity in Shimla town. Ind J Med
Sci 1996;50:362–4.
Oguz A, Temizhan A, Abaci A, Kozan O, Erol C, Ongen Z, et al.
Obesity and abdominal obesity; an alarming challenge for cardiometabolic risk in Turkish adults. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg
;8:401–6.
Deurenberg, P, Yap, M, van Staveren, WA. Body mass index and
percent body fat: a meta analysis among different ethnic groups. Int J
Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22:1164–71.
Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, Jebb SA, Murgatroyd PR,
Sakamoto Y. Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for
developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr
;72:694–701.
Yabanci N, Gocgeldi E, Simsek I, Kilic S. prevalence of obesity,
abdominal obesity and the associated risk factors among a group of
Turkish adults. Pak J Med Sci 2010;26(1):21–5.
Rosenson, RS. Low HDL-C: a secondary target of dyslipidemia
therapy. Am J Med 2005;118:1067–77.
Abdul Jabbar Irfanullah A, Akhter J, Mirza Y. Dyslipidemia and its
relation with body mass index versus waist hip ratio. J Pak Med
Assoc 1997;47(12):308–10.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad is an OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL which means that all content is FREELY available without charge to all users whether registered with the journal or not. The work published by J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad is licensed and distributed under the creative commons License CC BY ND Attribution-NoDerivs. Material printed in this journal is OPEN to access, and are FREE for use in academic and research work with proper citation. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad accepts only original material for publication with the understanding that except for abstracts, no part of the data has been published or will be submitted for publication elsewhere before appearing in J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. The Editorial Board of J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad makes every effort to ensure the accuracy and authenticity of material printed in J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. However, conclusions and statements expressed are views of the authors and do not reflect the opinion/policy of J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad or the Editorial Board.
USERS are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
AUTHORS retain the rights of free downloading/unlimited e-print of full text and sharing/disseminating the article without any restriction, by any means including twitter, scholarly collaboration networks such as ResearchGate, Academia.eu, and social media sites such as Twitter, LinkedIn, Google Scholar and any other professional or academic networking site.
