STRESS AND COPING WITH STRESS: A REVIEW

Authors

  • Mohammad Younas Khawaja
  • Aziz ur Rehman Yousafzai

Abstract

In medical parlance 'stress' is defined as a perturbation of the body's homeostasis. This demand on mind-body occurs when it tries to cope with incessant changes in life. Stress is a concept invented in the 1930s by Dr. Hans Selye.1 Dr. Selye admitted that stress is an abstract concept, and he admitted that stress has never been adequately defined. Dr. Selye's own definition of stress is the non-specific response of the body to any demand.

References

Mason JW. A historical view of the stress field. Part 1. J. Human Stress 1 1975;1: 6-12

Selye H. Stress in Health and Disease. Reading (Mass.): Butterworths, 1976.

Selye H. Confusion and controversy in the stress field. J. human . Stress 1975;2:37-44

Pasnau RO. Coping With Stress: Effective People and Processes. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1451-a-1452-a.

Selye H. The Stress of Life. New York: McGrawHill, 1976.

Selye H. A Syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature 1936;138:32.

Brown GW, Haaris TO, Peto J. life events and psychiatric disorders: the nature of causal link. Psychological medicine 1973;3:159-176

Weiner H. Psychobiology and human disease. New York Elsevier; 1977.

Alexander F. Psychosomatic Medicine. Newyork Norton; 1950.

Lempert T, Schmidt D. Natural history and outcome of psychogenic seizures: A clinical study in 50 patients. J Neurol 1990; 237:35-7.

Newcorn JH, Strain JJ. Adjustment disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991; 31: 318-23.

Shore JH, Vollemer WM, Tatum El. Community patterns of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental disease 1989; 177:681-85

Brown GW, Harris TO. Aetiology of anxiety and depressive disorder in an inner city pouplation. Early adversity. Psych Med 1993;23:143-54

Finlay-Jones R, Brown GW. Types of stressful life events and the onset of anxiety and depressive disorder. Psychological medicine 1981;11:803-16

Brown GW, Harris TO. Stressor, vulnerability, and depression: a question of replication. Psych Med 1986; 16:739-44.

Ladwig KH, Mitagg GH, Erazo N, Gundel H. Identifying somatization disorder in a population based health examination survey: Psychosocial burden and gender differences. Psychosomatics 2001;42:511-8.

Morgan CA, Hazlat G, Wang S, Richardson EG, Schnurr P, South SH. Symptoms of dissociation in humans experiencing acute uncontrollable stress: A prospective investigation. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1239-47.

Bryant RA, Guthrie RM, Moulds ML. Hypnotizability in Acute stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:600-4.

Goenjian Ak, Molina L, Steinberg AM, Fairbank LA, Alvarez ML, Goenjian HA, et al. Posttraumatic stress and Depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after hurricane Mitch. Am J Psychiatry;2001;58:788-94.

Greiger TA, Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ, Reeves JJ. Acute stress disorder, Alcohol use and Perception of safety among hospital staff after the sniper attacks. Psychiatr Serv 2003;54:1383-7.

Moore E. Coping with Grave’s disease. [Online] 1996. [cited 2004 Jan 14]. Available from http:// www. suite101.com/article.cfm/graves_disease/86787.

Pitzer R. Coping with Parental Stress. [Online] 1998. [cited 2004 Jan 14]. Available from http: // www. extension.umn.edu/distribution/familydevelopment/ DE 7269.html.

Smaritans . Stress busting [Online] 2004 [cited 2004 Feb 12] Available from URL http://www.smaritans.org

Baum A, Herberman H, and Cohen L. Managing stress and managing illness: Survival and quality of life in chronic disease. Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings, 2002; 2(4): 309-333.

Charney DS. Psychobiological Mechanisms of Resilience and Vulnerability: Implications for Successful Adaptation to Extreme Stress. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 195-216.

Flach F. Treatment of Stress Response Syndromes. Am. J. Psychiatry 2004; 161: 182-186.

Downloads